| Articolo | Adolescents’ dreams under Covid-19 isolation |
| Autori | Parrello, S., Sommantico, M., Lacatena, M., Iorio, I. (2021). Adolescents’ dreams under Covid-19 isolation. International Journal of Dream Research, First Online 22 November. doi: 10.11588/ijodr.2021.1.73858 |
| Abstract | Based on the continuity hypothesis of dreaming, we have studied the effects of quarantine/isolation on the dreams of Italian adolescents during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample of 235 subjects (73.2% girls; ages 12-18 years, M = 16.08, SD = 1.7) was involved. Participants were asked to complete part of the MADRE Questionnaire, as well as to report their Most Recent Dream by responding to specific questions related to this dream content (e.g., positive vs. negative emotions, realism/bizarreness, and presence of sensory impressions). Results indicated that participants most strongly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic reported the strongest effects on their dreams, as well as longest dreams. Results also indicated that girls recall dreams more often than boys, in addition to reporting higher emotional intensity, predominantly negative emotions, and more nightmares, including recurrent ones. Finally, the most recent dreams were set in both indoor and outdoor settings, with many family members and friends present. They were marked by strong negative emotions, especially related to dangerous, violent, and frustrating situations. In sum, the findings of this study indicate that the method of quali-quantitative dream content analysis is a very informative approach for studying the effects of significant contextual and catastrophic events on people’s inner lives. |
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| Articolo | Behavioural Restriction Determines Left Attentional Bias. Preliminary Evidences from COVID-19 Lockdown |
| Autori | Lardone A., Turriziani P., Sorrentino P., Gigliotta O., Chirico A., Lucidi F., & Mandolesi L. Frontiers in Neuropsychology. |
| Abstract | During COVID-19 lockdown the individuals were forced to remain home, hence severely limiting the interaction within environmental stimuli, reducing the cognitive load placed on spatial competences. The effects of the behavioural restriction on cognition have been little examined. The present study is aimed at analysing the effects of lockdown on executive function prominently involved in adapting behaviour to new environmental demands. We analyse non-verbal fluency abilities, as indirectly provide a measure of cognitive flexibility to react to spatial changes. Sixteen students (mean age 20,75; SD 1,34), evaluated before the start of the lockdown (T1) in a battery of psychological tasks exploring different cognitive domains, have been re-assessed during lockdown (T2). The assessment included the modified Five Point Test (m-FPT) to analyse non-verbal fluency abilities. At T2, the students were also administered the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. The restriction of behaviours following a lockdown determines increased non-verbal fluency evidenced by the significant increase of the number of new drawings. We found worsened verbal span, while phonemic verbal fluency remained unchanged. Interestingly, we observed a significant tendency to use the left part of each box in the m-FPT correlated with TAS-20 and with the subscales that assess difficulty in describing and identifying feelings. Although our data was collected from a small sample, it evidences that the restriction of behaviours determines a leftward bias, suggesting a greater activation of the right hemisphere, intrinsically connected with the processing of non-verbal information and with the need to manage an emotional situation. |
| Keywords | executive function, attention, cognition, coronavirus, quarantine, pandemic |
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| Articolo | Cooperative Learning at the time of Covid10: a university experience |
| Autori | De Simone, M.R., ICERI2020 Proceedings, 13th annual International Conference od Education, Reserach and Innovation |
| Abstract | Background: over the last few months we have been protagonists of an epochal revolution. Covid19 has put to the test, in formal educational contexts of all levels, one of the fundamental dimensions of learning, especially in the humanities: participation. In this regard, nowadays more than ever, the distributed and situated nature of the learning processes requires to focus on an educational work concerning the processes of sharing, socialization and negotiation that minds carry out together while learning, and that promotes community building of learning. Aim of the work: this contribution aims to describe, through the narration of an educational experience prepared ad hoc, the effort of preserving, during the second semester of the last academic year 2019/2020, the fundamental participatory dimension in cooperative learning, despite and also thanks to the teaching distance. Methods: university students of the three-year degree course in psychological sciences and techniques of the University of Naples “Federico II”, during the lessons of pedagogy of the learning processes, lessons held remotely via Microsoft Team platform, were able to experience the work in a small group at a distance, experiencing in first person the methodology of cooperative learning and the intersubjectively co-constructed nature of knowledge through educational situation prepared in this sense, situation whose process and product are described in particular. Results: thanks to the students’ reflections about cooperative distance learning experience, reflections obtained through a focus group carried out at the end of the intervention, the emergency produced by the Covid-19 epidemic, initially experienced as an insuperable obstacle to the realization of any educational project, was reread, in the light of the experience realized and described, as a possible opportunity to start new reflections, to verify in the field the effectiveness of collaborative paths, social consolidation and activation of participatory discussion, and to experience the great usefulness of new forms and new communication tools, critically evaluating their pros and cons. Conclusions: the arrangement of the real and/or virtual ‘meeting places’ is crucial for the possibility of becoming aware of the importance, in learning processes, of the exchange between the personal wealth of knowledge that each person possesses as their own formative background, new acquisitions to learn and the cultural significance of each member of the community, which is always singular, peculiar and specific. Even from a distance. |
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| Articolo | Dreaming in the time of Covid-19: A quali-quantitative Italian study |
| Autori | Iorio, I., Sommantico, M., Parrello, S. (2020). Dreaming in the time of Covid-19: A quali-quantitative Italian study. Dreaming, 30(3), 199-215. doi: 10.1037/drm0000142 |
| Abstract | Based on the continuity hypothesis of dreaming with waking life, we have studied the effects of isolation on the dreams of Italian persons, during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study included a sample of 796 subjects (73.2% women; ages 18–79 years,M[1] 30.3, SD [1] 12.8). Participants were asked to complete a dream questionnaire, as well as to report their most recent dream, by responding to specific questions related to the content of their dream (e.g., realism/bizarreness, positive vs. negative emotions, emotional intensity and tone). Results indicate the following: Female participants were higher recallers than men and reported higher emotional intensity and a predominantly negative emotional tone of their dreams, as well as higher negative emotions and sensory impressions in their most recent dreams; 159 dreams (20%) included explicit COVID-19 references; participants knowing people affected by or who have died of COVID-19 report higher emotional intensity and sensory impressions in their most recent dreams; and the most recent dreams have been set in external locations and have presented strong negative emotions, especially with respect to dangerous, violent, and frustrating situations. In sum, the findings of this study indicate that the method of quali-quantitative dream content analysis is a very informative approach for studying the effects of significant contextual and catastrophic events, such as COVID-19 pandemic, on people’s inner lives. |
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| Articolo | Facing Loneliness and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Isolation: The Role of Excessive Social Media Use in a Sample of Italian Adults (2020). |
| Autori | Boursier, V., Gioia, F., Musetti, A., & Schimmenti, A. Frontiers in Psychology, Doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.586222 |
| Abstract | The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prompted people to face a distressing and unexpected situation. Uncertainty and social distancing changed people’s behaviors, impacting on their feelings, daily habits, and social relationships, which are core elements in human well-being. In particular, restrictions due to the quarantine increased feelings of loneliness and anxiety. Within this context, the use of digital technologies has been recommended to relieve stress and anxiety and to decrease loneliness, even though the overall effects of social media consumption during pandemics still need to be carefully addressed. In this regard, social media use evidence risk and opportunities. In fact, according to a compensatory model of Internet-related activities, the online environment may be used to alleviate negative feelings caused by distressing life circumstances, despite potentially leading to negative outcomes. The present study examined whether individuals who were experiencing high levels of loneliness during the forced isolation for COVID-19 pandemic were more prone to feel anxious, and whether their sense of loneliness prompted excessive social media use. Moreover, the potentially mediating effect of excessive social media use in the relationship between perceived loneliness and anxiety was tested. A sample of 715 adults (71.5% women) aged between 18 and 72 years old took part in an online survey during the period of lockdown in Italy. The survey included self-report measures to assess perceived sense of loneliness, excessive use of social media, and anxiety. Participants reported that they spent more hours/day on social media during the pandemic than before the pandemic. We found evidence that perceived feelings of loneliness predicted both excessive social media use and anxiety, with excessive social media use also increasing anxiety levels. These findings suggest that isolation probably reinforced the individuals’ sense of loneliness, strengthening the need to be part of virtual communities. However, the facilitated and prolonged access to social media during the COVID-19 pandemic risked to further increase anxiety, generating a vicious cycle that in some cases may require clinical attention. |
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| Articolo | Further to the left. Stress-induced increase of spatial pseudoneglect during the COVID-19 lockdown |
| Autori | Somma, F., Bartolomeo, P., Vallone, F., Argiuolo, A., Cerrato, A., Miglino, O., Mandolesi, L., Zurlo, M.C., & Gigliotta, O. Frontiers in Psychology. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.573846 |
| Abstract | The COVID-19 lockdown measures do impact psychological health; yet, less is known about their effect on cognitive functioning. The transactional theory of stress predicts reciprocal influences between perceived stress and cognitive performance. However, the effects of a period of stress due to social isolation on spatial cognition and exploration have been little examined. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible effects and impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on spatial cognition tasks concerning spatial exploration and pseudoneglect, a physiological leftward bias. A right-hemisphere asymmetry for spatial attention processes crucially contributes to pseudoneglect. Other evidence indicates a predominantly right-hemisphere activity in stressful situations. We also analyzed the effects of lockdown on coping strategies, which typically show an opposite pattern of hemispheric asymmetry, favoring the left hemisphere. If so, then pseudoneglect should increase during the lockdown and be negatively correlated with the efficacy of coping strategies. One week before the start of the lockdown due to Covid-19 in Italy (T1), we had collected data from a battery of behavioral tests including tasks of peri-personal spatial cognition. During the quarantine (T2) we repeated the testing sessions with a subgroup of the same participants (47 right-handed students, mean age = 20, SD = 1.33). At both testing sessions, participants performed digitized neuropsychological tests, including a cancellation task, radial arm maze task and Raven’s advanced progressive matrices. Participants also completed a newly developed COVID-19 Student Stress Scale, based on transactional models of stress, and the COPE-NIV to assess coping orientation. The tendency to start cancellation from a left-sided item, to explore first a left-sided arm of the maze, and to choose erroneous response items on the left side of the page on Raven’s matrices, increased from T1 to T2. The degree of pseudoneglect increment positively correlated with perceived stress, and negatively correlated with Positive Attitude and Problem-Solving COPE-NIV subscales. Lockdown-related stress may have contributed to increase leftward bias during quarantine through a greater activation of the right hemisphere. On the other hand, pseudoneglect was decreased for better coping participants, perhaps as a consequence of a more balanced hemispheric activity in these individuals. |
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| Articolo | Pandemic nightmares: Effects on dream activity of the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy |
| Autori | Scarpelli, S. Alfonsi, V., Mangiaruga, A., Musetti, A., Quattropani, M.C., Lenzo, V., Freda, M.F., Lemmo, D., Vegni, E., Borghi, L., Saita, E., Cattivelli, R., Castelnuovo, G., Plazzi, G., De Gennaro, L., & Franceschini, C. Journal of Sleep Research e13300, 1-10. Doi: 10.1111/jsr.13300 |
| Abstract | COVID-19 has critically impacted the world. Recent works have found substantial changes in sleep and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dreams could give us crucial information about people’s well-being, so here we have directly investigated the consequences of lockdown on the oneiric activity in a large Italian sample: 5,988 adults completed a web-survey during lockdown. We investigated sociodemographic and COVID-19-related information, sleep quality (by the Medical Outcomes Study-Sleep Scale), mental health (by the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales), dream and nightmare frequency, and related emotional aspects (by the Mannheim Dream Questionnaire). Comparisons between our sample and a population-based sample revealed that Italians are having more frequent nightmares and dreams during the pandemic. A multiple logistic regression model showed the predictors of high dream recall (young age, female gender, not having children, sleep duration) and high nightmare frequency (young age, female gender, modification of napping, sleep duration, intrasleep wakefulness, sleep problem index, anxiety, depression). Moreover, we found higher emotional features of dream activity in workers who have stopped working, in people who have relatives/friends infected by or who have died from COVID-19 and in subjects who have changed their sleep habits. Our findings point to the fact that the predictors of high dream recall and nightmares are consistent with the continuity between sleep mentation and daily experiences. According to the arousal-retrieval model, we found that poor sleep predicts a high nightmare frequency. We suggest monitoring dream changes during the epidemic, and also considering the implications for clinical treatment and prevention of mental and sleep disorders. |
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| Articolo | Poor Sleep Quality and Its Consequences on Mental Health During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy |
| Autori | Franceschini, C., Musetti, A., Zenesini, C., Palagini, L., Scarpelli, S., Quattropani, M. C., Lenzo, V., Freda, M. F., Lemmo, D., Vegni, E., Borghi, L., Saita, E., Cattivelli, R., De Gennaro, L., Plazzi, G., Riemann, D. & Castelnuovo, G. Frontiers in Psychology, 11:574475. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.574475 |
| Abstract | Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seriously affected the whole of Italy. The extreme virulence and the speed of propagation resulted in restrictions and home confinement. This change was immediately perceived by people who found themselves exposed to feelings of uncertainty, fear, anger, stress, and a drastic change in the diurnal but above all nocturnal lifestyle. For these reasons, we aimed to study the quality of sleep and its connection to distress levels and to evaluate how lifestyle changed in the Italian population during the lockdown. Methods: By means of an Internet survey we recruited 6,519 adults during the whole of the COVID-19 lockdown (from March 10–1st phase to May 4–2nd phase). We investigated the sociodemographic and COVID-19-related information and assessed sleep quality using the Medical Outcomes Study–sleep scale (MOS-SS) and mental health with the short form of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales–21 Items (DASS-21). Multiple logistic regression model was used to evaluate the multivariate association between the dependent variable (good sleeper vs. poor sleeper) and all the variables that were significant in the univariate analysis. Results: A total of 3,562 (55.32%) participants reported poor sleep quality according to the MOS-Sleep Index II score. The multiple binary logistic regression results of poor sleepers revealed several risk factors during the outbreak restrictions: female gender, living in Central Italy, having someone close who died because of COVID-19, markedly changed sleep–wake rhythms characterized by earlier or postponed habitual bedtime, earlier habitual awakening time and reduced number of afternoon naps, and extremely severe levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Conclusion: This is the first study designed to understand sleep quality and sleep habits during the whole of the lockdown period in the Italian population that provides more than 6,000 participants in a survey developed specifically for the health emergency related to COVID-19. Our study found that more than half of the Italian population had impaired sleep quality and sleep habits due to elevated psychological distress during the COVID-19 lockdown containment measures. A multidisciplinary action should be undertaken in order to plan appropriate responses to the current crisis caused by the lockdown for the COVID-19 outbreak. |
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| Articolo | Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown |
| Autori | Di Blasi, M., Gullo, S., Mancinelli, E., Freda, M.F., Esposito, G., Gelo, O.C.G., Lagetto, G., Giordano, C., Mazzeschi, C., Pazzagli, C., Salcuni, S., & Lo Coco, G. (2021). Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown: A two-wave network analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. First on line 5 Febbraio 2021. Doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.016 |
| Abstract | Background: Although preliminary research has evidenced negative psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic among the general population, little research has been carried out examining the interplay among the broader dimensions and correlates of individual distress. Via network analysis, the current study investigated the pathways that underlie some components of psychological distress and their changes over time (during and post COVID-19-related lockdown). Methods: 1,129 adult participants (79.1% women) completed a two-wave online survey during and after the lockdown, and reported on variables such as depression, anxiety, stress, fear of COVID, intolerance of uncertainty, emotion regulation and social support. The networks were estimated via Gaussian Graphical Models and their temporal changes were compared through the centrality measures. Results: Depression, stress, anxiety and fear of COVID formed a spatially contiguous pattern, which remained unchanged in both the two waves. After the lockdown, the fear of COVID node reduced its strength in the network, whereas inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty and emotion suppression were associated with depression. Emotion regulation was connected to depression, but not to stress and anxiety during both waves. Perceived emotional support had few connections to the other nodes. Limitations: Only 32.7% of participants provided complete responses for both waves. Conclusion: The COVID-19 outbreak has had a significant psychosocial impact on adults. In the context of the network approach, depressive symptoms had the highest strength and their associations to other dimensions of individual distress may be key factors in understanding the influence of exposure to the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health. |
| Articolo | Psychosocial variables and quality of life during the COVID-19 lockdown: a correlational study on a convenience sample of young Italians (2020). |
| Autori | Lardone A, Sorrentino P, Giancamilli F, Palombi T, Simper T, Mandolesi L, Lucidi F, Chirico A, & Galli F. PeerJ, 8:e10611. Doi: 10.7717/peerj.10611. eCollection 2020. |
| Abstract | Background: In 2020, to limit the spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19), many countries, including Italy, have issued a lengthy quarantine period for the entire population. For this reason lifestyle has changed, bringing inevitable repercussions to the Quality of Life (QoL). The present study aims to identify which psychosocial variables predict behaviors capable of affecting the QoL during the lockdown period, potentially highlighting factors that might promote well-being and health in the Italian population during the epidemic. Methods: Between 27 April 2020 and 11 May 2020, we administered a web-survey to a sample of young Italian people (age M = 21.2; SD = 3.5; female = 57.7% of the sample). Employing variance-based structural equation modeling, we attempted to identify whether social connectedness, social support, and loneliness were variables predictive of the QoL of young Italians. We also sought to identify specific psychological factors, such as symbolic threat, realistic threat, and the threat from potentially contaminated objects, was correlated to COVID-19 fear and whether engaging in particular behaviors was likely to improve the QoL. Results: Our results suggest that social connectedness and loneliness are significant predictors of QoL, while social support did not have a significant effect on QoL. Furthermore, we observed that symbolic and realistic threats and the threat from potentially contaminated objects are significant and positive predictors of COVID-19 fear. Moreover, COVID-19 fear had significant and positive relationships with the carrying out of specific behaviors, such as creative activities during the isolation period and that this related to affirming individuals’ country-specific identity. Finally, COVID-19 fear is a significant predictor of behavioral factors related to the adherence to public health advice in line with national guidance regarding the containment of COVID-19; this factor, however, did not correlate with QoL. |
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| Articolo | Remote working during the COVID-19 pandemic: A study on the emotional and relational experience and on the well-being of Italian university scholars and clerks |
| Autori | Ciro Esposito (Department of Humanities, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy), Barbara Agueli, Caterina Arcidiacono, Immacolata Di Napoli (Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy) |
| Abstract | The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant effects on people’s well-being and also on their ordinary work activities. This study aims to investigate the emotions, relational experience and well-being of academic personnel who continued their activities in remote working, during the Italian lockdown period in the months of March and April 2020. For this purpose, 87 workers (55 % scholars and 45 % university clerks) filled out an online quali-quantitative questionnaire about their experiences of being in lockdown and doing their work remotely. Qualitative data were analyzed through Grounded Theory Methodology using the ATLAS.ti 8.4 software. From the coding process, the following macro-categories emerged: remote working, affects and interpersonal relationships in lockdown. Then cross-tabs intertwined the code groups emerged with work role and gender of participants. In the end, the frequencies in the cross-tabs were analyzed by Chi square test. Quantitative data were analyzed through Univariate Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 22 software. The results showed that scholars consider remote working mainly as a critical issue, while clerks see it more as a resource. Moreover, clerks more frequently report negative feelings of anxiety, fear and anger, while scholars more frequently report loneliness. Regarding interpersonal relationships, no significant differences between scholars and clerks were observed. Neither affects nor interpersonal relationships were associated with gender differences. Moreover, clerks reported lower economic and overall well-being compared to scholars. Finally, results highlighted the importance of the mattering role of human relations in work activities; this core category gives some practical implications that will be discussed extensively. |
| Keywords | remote working; COVID-19 pandemic; well-being; affects; Grounded Theory Methodology. |
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| Articolo | Resilience Contributes to Low Emotional Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak Among the General Population in Italy |
| Autori | Lenzo V, Quattropani MC, Musetti A, Zenesini C, Freda MF, Lemmo D, Vegni E, Borghi L, Plazzi G, Castelnuovo G, Cattivelli R, Saita E and Franceschini C. Frontiers in Psychology, 11:576485. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576485 |
| Abstract | Background: The COVID-19 outbreak is severely affecting the overall mental healthwith unknown psychological consequences. Although a strong psychological impact is possible, scant evidence is available to date. Past studies have shown that resilience decreases the negative effects of stress. This study aimed to examine depression, anxiety, and stress among the Italian general population during the phase characterized by lockdown, and to investigate the role of resilience as a potential predictor. Methods: A total sample of 6,314 Italian people participated in this study. Participants were recruited between March 29 and May 04 2020 through an online survey. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) and the Resilience Scale (RS) were administered. Demographic data and lockdown related information were also collected. A correlational analysis was carried out to examine relationships between psychopathological domains and resilience. Three hierarchical regression analyses were conducted using the depression, anxiety, and stress as dependent variables and the resilience as independent variable controlling for age, gender, and education. COVID-19 specific variables were also included in the three regression analyses. A further exploratory analysis was carried out to examine which aspects of resilience predict depression, anxiety, and stress. Results: The prevalence of moderate to extremely severe symptoms among participants was 32% for depression, 24.4% for anxiety, and 31.7% for stress. Thesample mean scores on depression, anxiety, and stress were higher than the normal scores reported in the literature. Results of correlational analysis showed that resilience factors, such as meaningfulness, self-reliance, existential aloneness, and equanimity, are inversely associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Results of regression analyses indicated that resilience was statically significant in predicting depression, anxiety, and stress. Geographic area of residence and infected acquaintances were also significant predictors. Regarding the resilience factors, results revealed that meaningfulness, perseverance, and equanimity were statistically significant in predicting all the DASS-21 scales. Conclusion: About a third of respondents reported moderate to extremely severe depression, anxiety, and stress. The present study suggests that psychological resilience may independently contribute to low emotional distress and psychological ill-being. These findings can help explain the variability of individual responses during the COVID-19 outbreak. |
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| Articolo | The Effects of the Fear of Missing Out on People’s Social Networking Sites Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Online Relational Closeness and Individuals’ Online Communication Attitude (2021). |
| Autori | Gioia, F., Fioravanti, G., Casale, S., & Boursier, V. Frontiers in Psychiatry, Doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.620442 |
| Abstract | Forced isolation induced by COVID-19 pandemic dramatically impacted individuals’ well-being, reducing the opportunities for social encounters, consequently resulting in a greater use of social media in order to maintain social relationships. Although the range of friend-related activities appeared to be severely constrained during quarantine, the Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) needs to be carefully examined, especially in relation to problematic social networking site use (PSNSU). Indeed, FoMO might enhance individuals’ need to stay connected and communicate with other people, leading to PSNSU, in order to face the fear of being invisible in the world of social media in circumstances of physical isolation. The present study sought to evaluate the predictive role of FoMO on PSNSU during the COVID-19 pandemic, testing the mediating effect of online relational closeness and online communication attitude. A total of 487 Italian adults (59.3% women), aged between 18 and 70 years (mean age = 29.85 years; SD = 9.76), responded to an online survey during the period of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Italy. The survey included self-report measures assessing perceived FoMO, online communication attitude, relational closeness with online friends, and PSNSU. Participants declared they spent significantly more time social networking during the pandemic, particularly women. The total model accounted for a significant amount of variance in participants’ PSNSU [R2 = 0.54; F(9, 447) = 58.285, p < 0.001). Despite the other people’s social rewarding experiences had been drastically reduced by the lockdown, findings showed a direct effect of FoMO on PSNSU. Moreover, FoMO had an effect on online communication attitude and online relational closeness, although only online communication attitude predicted, in turn, PSNSU. Conversely, relational closeness on social networking sites did not predict PSNSU. The present study suggests that, during COVID-19 lockdown, FoMO levels may have strengthened attitudes toward online communication, which, in turn, may have put some individuals at risk of PSNSU. |
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